CVE-2023-1998

EIP tracks 1 public exploit for CVE-2023-1998. PoCs published by nu11secur1ty.

AI-analyzed exploit summary This exploit demonstrates a vulnerability in the Linux kernel (CVE-2023-1998) where userspace processes attempting to enable Spectre v2 mitigations via prctl or seccomp remain exposed to cross-thread branch target injection attacks due to incorrect handling of STIBP when IBRS is enabled. The PoC includes attacker and victim processes to measure misprediction rates and test mitigation effectiveness.

The Linux kernel allows userspace processes to enable mitigations by calling prctl with PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL which disables the speculation feature as well as by using seccomp. We had noticed that on VMs of at least one major cloud provider, the kernel still left the victim process exposed to attacks in some cases even after enabling the spectre-BTI mitigation with prctl. The same behavior can be observed on a bare-metal machine when forcing the mitigation to IBRS on boot command line. This happened because when plain IBRS was enabled (not enhanced IBRS), the kernel had some logic that determined that STIBP was not needed. The IBRS bit implicitly protects against cross-thread branch target injection. However, with legacy IBRS, the IBRS bit was cleared on returning to userspace, due to performance reasons, which disabled the implicit STIBP and left userspace threads vulnerable to cross-thread branch target injection against which STIBP protects.